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Reactions
between limestone and oil shale during spontaneous
combustion occurred in Israel to form a natural deposit of cement
compounds.
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Egyptians
used mud mixed with straw to bind dried bricks. Also furthered the discovery
of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for building the Pyramids
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Used
cementitious materials to hold bamboo together in their boats and in the
Great Wall.
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Romans
used slaked lime a volcanic ash called pozzuolana, found near Pozzouli
by the bay of Naples. They used lime as a cementitious material. Pliny
reported a mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts sand. Vitruvius reported
a 2 parts pozzolana to 1 part lime. Animal fat, milk, and blood were used
as admixtures
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of PorticuHouse
s Aemelia made of bound stones to form concrete
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The
Pantheon
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The
art of Concrete was lost after the fall of the Roman Empire
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Joseph
Moxon wrote about a hidden fire in heated lime that
appears upon the addition of water. |
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John
Smeaton, British Engineer, rediscovered hydraulic cement through repeated
testing of mortar in both fresh and salt water
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Bry
Higgins was issued a patent for hydraulic cement (stucco) for exterior
plastering use.
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James
Parker from England patented a natural hydraulic cement by calcining nodules
of impure limestone containing clay, called Parker’s Cement or Roman Cement.
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Louis
Vicat of France prepared artificial hydraulic lime by calcining synthetic
mixtures of limestone and clay.
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Maurice St. Leger was issued patents for hydraulic cement. |
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Canvass
White, American Engineer, found rock deposits in Madison, County, New York,
that made hydraulic cement with little processing
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John
Tickell and Abraham Chambers were issued more hydraulic cement patents.
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James
Frost of England prepared artificial hydraulic lime like Vicat’s and called
it British Cement.
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Joseph
Aspdin, bricklayer and mason in Leeds, England, patented what he called
portland cement, since it resembled the stone quarried on the Isle of Portland
off the British coast.
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Erie Canal created the first great demand for cement in the US |
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I. K.
Brunel is credited with the first engineering application of portland cement,
which was used to fill a breach in the Thames Tunnel.
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Jean-Louis
Lambot was the first to use reinforcing in boats
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William
B. Wilkinson erected a reinforced concrete servants cottage
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Portland
cement used in the construction of the London sewer system
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Joseph
Monier patented a design for reinforces garden tubs, beams and posts
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The
fist recorded shipment of portland cement to the US
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Francois
Coignet, a builder in France, responsible for the first widespread use
of concrete in buildings
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David
O. Saylor established the first portland-cement plant in the US in Coplay,
PA
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William
E. Ward builds the first landmark building in reinforced concrete in Port
Chester, NY. Designed by Architect Robert
Mook
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Ward
delivered a paper on the house to the Society of Mechanical Engineers.
|
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Earnest
L. Ransom patented a reinforcing system using twisted rods.
|
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F. Ransome
patented a slightly tilted horizontal kiln which could be rotated so the
material moved gradually form one end to the other
|
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Henri
Le Chatelier of France established oxide ratios to prepare the proper amount
of lime to produce portland cement. He named the components: Alite (tricalcium
silicate), Belite (dicalcium silicate), and Celite (tetracalcium aluminoferrite).
He proposed that hardening is caused by the formation of crystalline products
of the reaction between cement and water.
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The
first concrete reinforced bridge is built.
|
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George
Bartholomew placed the first concrete street in the USA in Bellefontaine,
OH. which still exists.
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Ingalls
bldg. using the Ransome system, was the first concrete skyscraper.  |
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Francois
Hennebique patented the Hennebique system. He was responsible for the widespread
acceptance of reinforced concrete.
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Thomas
Edison was a pioneer in the further development of the rotary kiln.
 |
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August
Perre makes concrete an acceptable architectural material
Perre builds 25 bis Rue Franklin and the Theatre Champs Elysee |
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Ingalls
building, probably the beginning of high-rise concrete const.
|
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Portland
Cement Association founded
|
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The
US Bureau of Standards and the American Society for testing Materials established
a standard formula for portland cement
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Meis van der Rohe proposes concrete high-rises |
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The
tallest concrete building was built – 230 ft., the Medical Arts bldg.,
Dallas
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Notre
Dame du Raincy
|
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Eugene
Freyssinet develops successful pre-stressed concrete
|
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Eduardo
Torroja, designed the first thin shelled roof at Algeciras
|
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Eduardo
Torroja, designed the Madrid Hippodrome.
|
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The
first major concrete dams, Hoover Dam
and Grand Coulee Dam, were built.
|
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Pier
Luigi Nervi built the hangers for the Italian Air Force using thin shell
construction
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Le Corbusier
builds Villa
Savoye
|
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Frank
Lloyd Wright was the one of the first to exploit the cantilever at Fallingwater.
 |
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Portland
Cement Laboratories perfect air-entrained concrete
|
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FLLW
builds on Meis’ ideas at the Johnson
wax tower
 |
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FLLW
builds the Guggenheim
made of reinforced concrete
 |
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Le Corbusier
builds Ronchamp
 |
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Felix
Candela masters the concrete shell
|
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Felix
Candela builds the restaurant at Xochimilco
|
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Executive
House Hotel, Chicago, exceeds the Medical Arts record at 371 ft.
|
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Le Corbusier
builds La Tourette
|
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Bank
of Georgia Building in Atlanta beats Executive House at 391 ft.
|
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Le Corbusier
builds the government complex at Chandigara India
|
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Bertrand
Goldberg’s twin towers at Marina City marked the
beginning of the use of reinforced concrete in modern skyscrapers and set the height record to 588 ft. |
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1000
Lake Shore Drive beats Marina City at 640 ft. 6000 psi concrete in the
lower columns was used for the first time.
|
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Place
Victoria in Montreal, ht 624 ft. using 6000psi concrete columns
|
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First
concrete domed sport structure, the Assembly Hall, was constructed at The
University of Illinois, at Urbana-Champaign.
|
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Lake
Point Towers, 70 stories, 645 ft. 7500 psi concrete
|
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One
Shell Plaza, Houston, ht 714 ft., using 6000 psi concrete
|
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Fiber
reinforcement in concrete was introduced.
|
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Water
Tower Place, 859 ft., 9000psi conc. using superplasticizers
|
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Peak
shipment of portland cement to the US increased to nearly 3 million barrels
|
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The
"highest strength" concrete was used in building the Union Plaza constructed
in Seattle, Washington.
|
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Scotia
Plaza Building, Toronto, 907 ft.
|
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311S
Wacker and Two Prudential Plaza in Chicago sets new height record at 920
ft.
|
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Petronas
Twin Towers, 1476 ft.
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